Dynamic Programming Problems

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Multiple-Knapsack Problem

Description

设有 n 种不同面值的硬币,各硬币的面值存于数组 T[1:n]中。现要用这些面值的硬
币来找钱。可以使用的各种面值的硬币个数存于数组 Coins[1:n]中。
对任意钱数 0≤m≤20001,设计一个用最少硬币找钱 m 的方法。

Input

由文件 input.txt 提供输入数据,文件的第一行中只有 1 个整数给出n 的值,第 2 行起每
行 2 个数,分别是 T[j]和 Coins[j]。最后 1 行是要找的钱数 m。

Output

程序运行结束时,将计算出的最少硬币数输出到文件 output.txt 中。问题无解时输出-1。

Sample

输入文件示例

input.txt

3
1 3
2 3
5 3
18

输出文件示例

output.txt

5

Analysis

Analyse the Dimensions & Establish the Recursive Equation

classDiagram
class Knapsack {
 +capacity
}

class Item {
 +value
 +weight
 +amount
}

首先,分析出题目中的 对象 (Object) 所涉及到的 属性 (Attribute) 有哪些。

我们可以得到:

所以,我们可以得到3个 数据维度 (Dimension)硬币的面值硬币的数量需要凑的零钱

硬币的数量 应该算 2个维度,加起来总共 4个维度

并且,我们可以定义递推关系的值所需的最少硬币数

这是因为 所需的最少硬币数题目所需求的解

一般直接将 递推关系的值 定义为 题目所需要求解的值,然后进行 划分子问题

这样等到 递推方程的值计算完成,我们就可以 直接得到 问题的解


现在,我们不妨考虑一下,在最终凑齐零钱之前发生了什么?

最后一步 (The Final Step) ,我们会将某种面值的硬币放入k枚,然后满足目标容量

n.b. 这里如果认为:最后一步 会将 某种面值的硬币 放入1枚 也可以。

但实际上,某种面值的硬币 可以 一次性 地放入 多枚,并且效果 等价于

分多次在不同步 放入 该种硬币1枚

因此,我们可以立即得出下面的递推方程


Compress the Recursive Equation

到此,我们已经得到了递推方程,但该方程是4维的,时间复杂度 可能会较大。

后面我们会对比 4维解法2维解法性能差异

问题规模 变得 稍微大一些 的时候, 4维解法时间复杂度 将无法在 可接受的时间 内完成求解。

接下来我们可以考虑,能否压缩 (Compress) 某些维度来达到降维优化的效果。

实际上,该 递推方程数量 (amount)维度存有 冗余的信息


关于每种硬币的数量限制,不妨考虑:

如果每种硬币都是无限的,那么我们很确信,capacity较大的问题的最优解capacity较小的问题的最优解组成

因为每种硬币无限的,我们只需要简单地把capacity较小的问题的找零方案进行组合即可。

但是,如果每种硬币都是有限的,如何知道capacity较大的问题的最优解是否可以 直接capacity较小的问题的最优解组合得到,而且 不违反每种硬币的数量限制

换句话说:如果我们需要凑齐500元,而凑齐500元的最优解凑齐200元的最优解凑齐300元的最优解组合得到。假设,凑齐200元的最优解凑齐500元的最优解都用到了5元硬币,则我们如何确保所使用的5元硬币的总量符合数量限制

这个问题其实依赖于我们的计算顺序凑齐200元的最优解凑齐300元的最优解并不是独立地被计算出来的

我们会在凑齐200元的最优解基础上 进行计算凑齐300元的最优解,也就是从capacity较小的问题开始计算。

同时,保证任何时候的凑零钱方式都符合 每种硬币的数量限制

也就是说,我们是通过在capacity较小的问题基础 (Base)之上,动态地 计算 capacity较大的问题的最优解

换句话说,如果我们在 capacity较小的问题基础 之上,求解 capacity较大的问题最优解

那么违反 数量限制的解 本质上就是 非法解,并不是 合法解,更谈不上 最优解

这使得处理 数量限制的约束非常容易,我们需要做的仅仅是 在子问题的基础之上求解原问题

即要求我们满足 最优子结构 (Optimal Substructure) 性质


关于每种硬币的数量限制,还有一个重要的性质,那就是凑硬币的顺序是可交换的

比如说:

也就是同样面值的固定数量的硬币,按 任意顺序 放入,最终的 效果 是等价的。

整数的加法可交换的

那么,也就是说:如果我们要求凑齐50元硬币的最优解,而我们 拥有一些10元硬币

则我们无需考虑到底要按照什么顺序放入这些10元硬币,而仅仅需要考虑,到底一次性要放多少枚10元硬币才可以得到凑齐50元硬币的最优解

因此,我们实际上利用 可交换性可以压缩amount维度

由于对于 某种硬币来说, 分多步放入共k枚在1步就一次性放入k枚效果等价的

那么我们不妨就可以 依次考虑每种类型的硬币,并 确定一次性要放多少枚该种硬币

在已知正在考虑的硬币类型当前需要凑齐的金额时,我们可以很容易地得出 当前类型的硬币的数量上下界

然后依次考虑 k的所有可能取值,找出 原问题的最优解

如果没有这样压缩,则我们要为amount维度的每种可能的来源方式做考虑:

如果没有 可交换性的话,我们就需要为 硬币数量的所有可能来源做考虑。

如 5枚 = 0+5 = 1 + 4 = 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 = 4 + 1 = 5 + 0


因而,我们可以得到 压缩后的递推方程

n.b. 当我们集中起来一次性考虑每种面额要放多少枚硬币时,我们将非常容易地实现对每种面值的硬币的数量的限制(只需要通过简单地取定当前面值的硬币循环下限循环上限即可)

同时这也意味着,每种硬币的数量是特定的每种硬币的数量是无限的这两种问题本质上是相同的。

Solution

Iterative Method

Diagram
Expected  Input: [3, 2 3, 3 3, 6 1, 12]
Expected Output: [3]
item\capacity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 0 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567
1 0 1061109567 1 1061109567 2 1061109567 3 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567
2 0 1061109567 1 1 2 2 2 1061109567 3 3 1061109567 4 1061109567
3 0 1061109567 1 1 2 xxxxxxxxxx ——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE1.in & MODE1.outExpected Input: [10, Omit the remaining 10 line(s)…]Expected Output: [1, 5]Your Output: [1, 5]Time Cost: 0.045200 ms (45200 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE10.in & MODE10.outExpected Input: [1234567, Omit the remaining 1234567 line(s)…]Expected Output: [47527, 38]Your Output: [47527, 38]Time Cost: 104.330000 ms (104330000 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE11.in & MODE11.outExpected Input: [10, Omit the remaining 10 line(s)…]Expected Output: [1, 6]Your Output: [1, 6]Time Cost: 0.001100 ms (1100 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE12.in & MODE12.outExpected Input: [10, Omit the remaining 10 line(s)…]Expected Output: [2, 5]Your Output: [2, 5]Time Cost: 0.001000 ms (1000 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE13.in & MODE13.outExpected Input: [10, Omit the remaining 10 line(s)…]Expected Output: [2, 4]Your Output: [2, 4]Time Cost: 0.000901 ms (901 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE14.in & MODE14.outExpected Input: [10, Omit the remaining 10 line(s)…]Expected Output: [2, 4]Your Output: [2, 4]Time Cost: 0.001200 ms (1200 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE15.in & MODE15.outExpected Input: [10, Omit the remaining 9 line(s)…]Expected Output: [3, 4]Your Output: [3, 4]Time Cost: 0.001101 ms (1101 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE2.in & MODE2.outExpected Input: [50, Omit the remaining 50 line(s)…]Expected Output: [3, 8]Your Output: [3, 8]Time Cost: 0.002099 ms (2099 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE3.in & MODE3.outExpected Input: [100, Omit the remaining 100 line(s)…]Expected Output: [28, 9]Your Output: [28, 9]Time Cost: 0.004400 ms (4400 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE4.in & MODE4.outExpected Input: [500, Omit the remaining 500 line(s)…]Expected Output: [17, 8]Your Output: [29, 8]Time Cost: 0.029600 ms (29600 ns)Wrong Answer.——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE5.in & MODE5.outExpected Input: [10000, Omit the remaining 10000 line(s)…]Expected Output: [152, 11]Your Output: [152, 11]Time Cost: 0.564300 ms (564300 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE6.in & MODE6.outExpected Input: [50000, Omit the remaining 50000 line(s)…]Expected Output: [1507, 11]Your Output: [1507, 11]Time Cost: 3.741200 ms (3741200 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE7.in & MODE7.outExpected Input: [500000, Omit the remaining 500000 line(s)…]Expected Output: [62872, 23]Your Output: [62872, 23]Time Cost: 37.026301 ms (37026301 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE8.in & MODE8.outExpected Input: [1000000, Omit the remaining 1000000 line(s)…]Expected Output: [15875, 34]Your Output: [15875, 34]Time Cost: 71.459100 ms (71459100 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Current Case: MODE9.in & MODE9.outExpected Input: [1234567, Omit the remaining 1234567 line(s)…]Expected Output: [44678, 42]Your Output: [44678, 42]Time Cost: 83.852201 ms (83852201 ns)Accepted——————————————————————————-Result Statistics: √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ × √ √ √ √ √ yaml 1 1061109567 2 2 3 3 3
Source
    public static int solve(int[] values, int[] amounts, int capacity) {
        // define dp array
        int[][] dp = new int[values.length + 1][capacity + 1];

        // init
        for (int i = 0; i <= values.length; i++) {
            dp[i][0] = 0;
        }
        for (int j = 1; j <= capacity; j++) {
            dp[0][j] = 0x3f3f3f3f;
        }

        // only use the first i coins
        for (int i = 1; i <= values.length; i++) {
            int value = values[i - 1];
            // to satisfy j capacity
            for (int j = 1; j <= capacity; j++) {
                // how many coins of this type should be used ?
                for (int k = 0; k <= j / value && k <= amounts[i - 1]; k++) {
                    dp[i][j] = Math.min(dp[i - 1][j], dp[i - 1][j - k * value] + k);
                }
            }
        }

        int ans = dp[values.length][capacity];
        return ans == 0x3f3f3f3f ? -1 : ans;
    }
Benchmark
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS0.in & COINS0.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 12, 5 180, 10 0, 20 109, 50 126, 100 192, 200 107, 500 47, 1000 20, 14758]
Expected Output: [21]
Your     Output: [21]
Time Cost: 25.284600 ms (25284600 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS1.in & COINS1.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 12, 5 180, 10 0, 20 109, 50 126, 100 192, 200 107, 500 47, 1000 20, 14758]
Expected Output: [21]
Your     Output: [21]
Time Cost: 16.951400 ms (16951400 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS2.in & COINS2.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 45, 5 0, 10 148, 20 145, 50 136, 100 181, 200 17, 500 172, 1000 152, 16834]
Expected Output: [23]
Your     Output: [23]
Time Cost: 13.734800 ms (13734800 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS3.in & COINS3.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 22, 5 0, 10 27, 20 52, 50 192, 100 164, 200 110, 500 62, 1000 98, 17397]
Expected Output: [-1]
Your     Output: [-1]
Time Cost: 10.814700 ms (10814700 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS4.in & COINS4.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 99, 5 173, 10 11, 20 54, 50 101, 100 6, 200 44, 500 15, 1000 126, 12810]
Expected Output: [16]
Your     Output: [16]
Time Cost: 8.838500 ms (8838500 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS5.in & COINS5.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 133, 5 6, 10 137, 20 196, 50 198, 100 176, 200 0, 500 168, 1000 94, 2253]
Expected Output: [-1]
Your     Output: [-1]
Time Cost: 1.159000 ms (1159000 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS6.in & COINS6.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 0, 5 3, 10 131, 20 24, 50 78, 100 66, 200 84, 500 147, 1000 152, 16423]
Expected Output: [-1]
Your     Output: [-1]
Time Cost: 8.171400 ms (8171400 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Result Statistics: √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Recursive Method (2-Dimension)

Diagram
Expected  Input: [3, 2 3, 3 3, 6 1, 12]
Expected Output: [3]
graph TD;
root((root)) --#1, 0 * 6--> 47c306e5((12))
47c306e5 --#2, 0 * 3--> 1c2ac852((12))
1c2ac852 --#3, 0 * 2--> a6e0b278((12))
1c2ac852 --#4, 1 * 2--> d03ca462((10))
1c2ac852 --#5, 2 * 2--> 91c93566((8))
1c2ac852 --#6, 3 * 2--> 4180836e((6))
style 4180836e fill: lightgreen,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
47c306e5 --#7, 1 * 3--> 5ecc1041((9))
5ecc1041 --#8, 0 * 2--> b759c285((9))
5ecc1041 --#9, 1 * 2--> 01ecf723((7))
5ecc1041 --#10, 2 * 2--> a3105e86((5))
5ecc1041 --#11, 3 * 2--> 25c25e57((3))
style 25c25e57 fill: lightgreen,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
47c306e5 --#12, 2 * 3--> be869faa((6))
style be869faa fill: lightgreen,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
be869faa --#13, 0 * 2--> 3314f76a((6))
style 3314f76a fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
be869faa --#14, 1 * 2--> e07a5826((4))
be869faa --#15, 2 * 2--> bdcf5e09((2))
be869faa --#16, 3 * 2--> b6de7abb((0))
style b6de7abb fill: lightgreen,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
47c306e5 --#17, 3 * 3--> 4fd2a78a((3))
style 4fd2a78a fill: lightgreen,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
4fd2a78a --#18, 0 * 2--> 24309338((3))
style 24309338 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
4fd2a78a --#19, 1 * 2--> a9927e68((1))
root((root)) --#20, 1 * 6--> 30bd713b((6))
30bd713b --#21, 0 * 3--> 82f6a912((6))
style 82f6a912 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
30bd713b --#22, 1 * 3--> a1adc784((3))
style a1adc784 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
30bd713b --#23, 2 * 3--> 2bd1ac23((0))
2bd1ac23 --#24, 0 * 2--> 9eccd897((0))
style 9eccd897 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
Source
    static int n;
    static int[] values;
    static int[] amounts;
    static int capacity;
    static int[][] dp;
    static boolean[][] visited;
    static int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;

    public static int f(int firstCoins, int capacity) {

        /* Base Case */
        if (visited[firstCoins][capacity] || firstCoins == 0) return dp[firstCoins][capacity];
        else visited[firstCoins][capacity] = true;

        /* Recursive Case */
        int value = values[firstCoins - 1];
        for (int k = 0; (k <= capacity / value) && (k <= amounts[firstCoins - 1]); k++) {
            // the following are the same
            // dp[firstCoins][capacity] = Math.min(f(firstCoins - 1, capacity), f(firstCoins - 1, capacity - (k * value)) + k);
            dp[firstCoins][capacity] = Math.min(dp[firstCoins - 1][capacity], f(firstCoins - 1, capacity - (k * value)) + k);
        }

        return dp[firstCoins][capacity];
    }

    public static int solve() {

        // define dp array
        dp = new int[values.length + 1][capacity + 1];
        visited = new boolean[values.length + 1][capacity + 1];

        // init
        for (int i = 0; i <= values.length; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j <= capacity; j++) {
                dp[i][j] = INF;
            }
        }

        for (int i = 0; i <= values.length; i++) {
            dp[i][0] = 0;
        }
        for (int j = 1; j <= capacity; j++) {
            dp[0][j] = INF;
        }

        // dp
        int ans = f(values.length, capacity);
        return ans == INF ? -1 : ans;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (Scanner scanner : judger) {
            n = scanner.nextInt();
            values = new int[n];
            amounts = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                int value = scanner.nextInt();
                int amount = scanner.nextInt();
                values[i] = value;
                amounts[i] = amount;
            }
            capacity = scanner.nextInt();
            judger.manuallyStartTimer();
            System.out.println(solve());
            judger.manuallyStopTimer();
        }
    }
Benchmark
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS0.in & COINS0.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 12, 5 180, 10 0, 20 109, 50 126, 100 192, 200 107, 500 47, 1000 20, 14758]
Expected Output: [21]
Your     Output: [21]
Time Cost: 8.383200 ms (8383200 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS1.in & COINS1.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 12, 5 180, 10 0, 20 109, 50 126, 100 192, 200 107, 500 47, 1000 20, 14758]
Expected Output: [21]
Your     Output: [21]
Time Cost: 5.690600 ms (5690600 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS2.in & COINS2.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 45, 5 0, 10 148, 20 145, 50 136, 100 181, 200 17, 500 172, 1000 152, 16834]
Expected Output: [23]
Your     Output: [23]
Time Cost: 6.921800 ms (6921800 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS3.in & COINS3.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 22, 5 0, 10 27, 20 52, 50 192, 100 164, 200 110, 500 62, 1000 98, 17397]
Expected Output: [-1]
Your     Output: [-1]
Time Cost: 1.721700 ms (1721700 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS4.in & COINS4.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 99, 5 173, 10 11, 20 54, 50 101, 100 6, 200 44, 500 15, 1000 126, 12810]
Expected Output: [16]
Your     Output: [16]
Time Cost: 4.294700 ms (4294700 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS5.in & COINS5.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 133, 5 6, 10 137, 20 196, 50 198, 100 176, 200 0, 500 168, 1000 94, 2253]
Expected Output: [-1]
Your     Output: [-1]
Time Cost: 1.258100 ms (1258100 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS6.in & COINS6.out
Expected  Input: [10, 1 0, 2 0, 5 3, 10 131, 20 24, 50 78, 100 66, 200 84, 500 147, 1000 152, 16423]
Expected Output: [-1]
Your     Output: [-1]
Time Cost: 2.296300 ms (2296300 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS7.in & COINS7.out
Expected  Input: [3, 1 1, 2 2, 3 3, 11]
Expected Output: [4]
Your     Output: [4]
Time Cost: 0.092600 ms (92600 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Result Statistics: √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Recursive Method (4-Dimension)

Diagram
Expected  Input: [3, 2 3, 3 3, 6 1, 12]
Expected Output: [3]
graph TD;
root((root)) --#36, 0 * 6--> a7411865((12))
a7411865 --#37, 0 * 3--> 45b1eb92((12))
45b1eb92 --#38, 0 * 2--> 23c84bd8((12))
style 23c84bd8 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
45b1eb92 --#39, 1 * 2--> 3a989a55((10))
style 3a989a55 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
45b1eb92 --#40, 2 * 2--> 01f72111((8))
style 01f72111 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
45b1eb92 --#41, 3 * 2--> bf018faf((6))
style bf018faf fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
a7411865 --#42, 1 * 3--> e48ee7e2((9))
e48ee7e2 --#43, 0 * 2--> 4edc439b((9))
style 4edc439b fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
e48ee7e2 --#44, 1 * 2--> f92a6278((7))
style f92a6278 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
e48ee7e2 --#45, 2 * 2--> 1b25d26a((5))
style 1b25d26a fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
e48ee7e2 --#46, 3 * 2--> 39611a30((3))
style 39611a30 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
a7411865 --#47, 2 * 3--> 0abad9d3((6))
0abad9d3 --#48, 0 * 2--> ba8ca012((6))
style ba8ca012 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
0abad9d3 --#49, 1 * 2--> 0475bb15((4))
style 0475bb15 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
0abad9d3 --#50, 2 * 2--> ea8374c3((2))
style ea8374c3 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
0abad9d3 --#51, 3 * 2--> eeff9ef2((0))
style eeff9ef2 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
a7411865 --#52, 3 * 3--> fbb80b24((3))
fbb80b24 --#53, 0 * 2--> a96a30bc((3))
style a96a30bc fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
fbb80b24 --#54, 1 * 2--> fc4ee4be((1))
style fc4ee4be fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
root((root)) --#55, 1 * 6--> 8c399954((6))
8c399954 --#56, 0 * 3--> 59fdd542((6))
59fdd542 --#57, 0 * 2--> 49d33747((6))
style 49d33747 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
59fdd542 --#58, 1 * 2--> 8d975ef6((4))
style 8d975ef6 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
59fdd542 --#59, 2 * 2--> 89d23054((2))
style 89d23054 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
59fdd542 --#60, 3 * 2--> 1ec22271((0))
style 1ec22271 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
8c399954 --#61, 1 * 3--> 4de3015f((3))
4de3015f --#62, 0 * 2--> 010c58d1((3))
style 010c58d1 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
4de3015f --#63, 1 * 2--> 951f5029((1))
style 951f5029 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
8c399954 --#64, 2 * 3--> ce3992c9((0))
style ce3992c9 fill: lightgray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
Source
    static int n;
    static int[] values;
    static int[] amounts;
    static int capacity;
    static int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;

    public static class Memo {
        private static final ArrayList<Memo> memo = new ArrayList<>();
        public int firstCoins;
        public int capacity;
        public int[] amounts;
        public int value;
        public boolean visited;

        public Memo(int firstCoins, int capacity, int[] amounts, int value, boolean visited) {
            this.firstCoins = firstCoins;
            this.capacity = capacity;
            this.amounts = amounts;
            this.value = value;
            this.visited = visited;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (this == o) return true;
            if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;

            Memo memo = (Memo) o;
            if (firstCoins != memo.firstCoins) return false;
            if (capacity != memo.capacity) return false;
            return Arrays.equals(amounts, memo.amounts);
        }

        public static void resetMemo() {
            memo.clear();
        }

        public static void set(int firstCoins, int capacity, int[] amounts, int value, boolean visited) {
            int index = memo.indexOf(new Memo(firstCoins, capacity, amounts, value, visited));
            if (index == -1) {
                memo.add(new Memo(firstCoins, capacity, amounts, value, visited));
            } else {
                memo.set(index, new Memo(firstCoins, capacity, amounts, value, visited));
            }
        }

        public static Memo MEMO_ZERO = new Memo(0, 0, null, 0, true);
        public static Memo MEMO_INF = new Memo(0, 0, null, INF, true);

        public static Memo get(int firstCoins, int capacity, int[] amounts) {

            /* Special cases */
            if (capacity == 0) return MEMO_ZERO;
            else if (firstCoins == 0) return MEMO_INF;

            /* Normal cases */
            int index = memo.indexOf(new Memo(firstCoins, capacity, amounts, -1, false));
            if (index == -1) {
                Memo temp = new Memo(firstCoins, capacity, amounts, INF, false);
                memo.add(temp);
                return temp;
            } else return memo.get(index);
        }

    }

    public static int f(int firstCoins, int capacity, int[] amounts) {

        /* Base Case */
        if (Memo.get(firstCoins, capacity, amounts).visited) {
            return Memo.get(firstCoins, capacity, amounts).value;
        }

        /* Recursive Case */
        int value = values[firstCoins - 1];
        for (int k = 0; (k <= capacity / value) && (k <= amounts[firstCoins - 1]); k++) {
            // choice 1
            int do_not_use_current_type_of_coin = Memo.get(firstCoins - 1, capacity, amounts).value;

            // choice 2
            int[] amounts_clone = amounts.clone();
            amounts_clone[firstCoins - 1] -= k;
            int use_current_type_of_coin = f(firstCoins - 1, capacity - (k * value), amounts_clone) + k;

            // optimal choice
            Memo.set(firstCoins, capacity, amounts, Math.min(do_not_use_current_type_of_coin, use_current_type_of_coin), true);
        }

        return Memo.get(firstCoins, capacity, amounts).value;
    }

    public static int solve() {

        // define dp array
        Memo.resetMemo();

        // dp
        int ans = f(values.length, capacity, amounts);
        return ans == INF ? -1 : ans;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (Scanner scanner : judger) {
            n = scanner.nextInt();
            values = new int[n];
            amounts = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                int value = scanner.nextInt();
                int amount = scanner.nextInt();
                values[i] = value;
                amounts[i] = amount;
            }
            capacity = scanner.nextInt();
            judger.manuallyStartTimer();
            System.out.println(solve());
            judger.manuallyStopTimer();
        }
    }
Benchmark
Recursive Method with 4-Dimension
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS7.in & COINS7.out
Expected  Input: [3, 1 1, 2 2, 3 3, 11]
Expected Output: [4]
Your     Output: [4]
Time Cost: 1.000600 ms (1000600 ns)
Accepted
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS8.in & COINS8.out
Expected  Input: [3, 2 3, 3 3, 6 1, 12]
Expected Output: [3]
Your     Output: [3]
Time Cost: 0.242400 ms (242400 ns)
Accepted
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS9.in & COINS9.out
Expected  Input: [9, 1 1, 2 2, 3 3, 4 4, 5 5, 6 6, 7 7, 8 8, 9 9, 60]
Expected Output: [7]
Your     Output: [7]
Time Cost: 17775.069700 ms (17775069700 ns)
Accepted
-----------------------------------------------------
Result Statistics: √ √ √
Recursive Method with 2-Dimention
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS7.in & COINS7.out
Expected  Input: [3, 1 1, 2 2, 3 3, 11]
Expected Output: [4]
Your     Output: [4]
Time Cost: 8.181900 ms (8181900 ns)
Accepted
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS8.in & COINS8.out
Expected  Input: [3, 2 3, 3 3, 6 1, 12]
Expected Output: [3]
Your     Output: [3]
Time Cost: 3.047300 ms (3047300 ns)
Accepted
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: COINS9.in & COINS9.out
Expected  Input: [9, 1 1, 2 2, 3 3, 4 4, 5 5, 6 6, 7 7, 8 8, 9 9, 60]
Expected Output: [7]
Your     Output: [7]
Time Cost: 69.721200 ms (69721200 ns)
Accepted
-----------------------------------------------------
Result Statistics: √ √ √

Pebble Merging Problem

Description

在一个圆形操场的四周摆放着 n 堆石子。现要将石子有次序地合并成一堆。规定每次只
能选相邻的 2 堆石子合并成新的一堆,并将新的一堆石子数记为该次合并的得分。试设计一
个算法,计算出将 n 堆石子合并成一堆的最小得分和最大得分。

Input

由文件 input.txt 提供输入数据。文件的第 1 行是正整数 n,1≤n≤100,表示有 n 堆石子。
第二行有 n 个数,分别表示每堆石子的个数。

Output

程序运行结束时,将计算结果输出到文件 output.txt 中。文件的第 1 行中的数是最小得
分;第 2 行中的数是最大得分;。

Sample

输入文件示例

input.txt

4

4 4 5 9

输出文件示例

output.txt

43

54

Analysis

我们只考虑最小得分,因为 最小得分最大得分对称的

然后,由于每次只能合并相邻的两堆石子,所以我们不妨将所有石子从左到右排成线性的一堆石子


Establish the Recursive Equation

我们不妨考虑 最终 (End) 会发生什么: 所有的n堆石子 被合并为 1堆石子

最后一步 (The Final Step)时,我们会将2堆石子合并为1堆石子

显然,我们需要为此次合并操作付出的代价为左边那一堆石子的重量 + 右边那一堆石子的重量

此外,我们还要加上为了获得左边那堆石子的所付出的代价为了获得右边那堆石子所付出的代价

注意,这里面已经隐含了递归,这相当于,我们在线性排列的一堆石子里:在第i堆石子第j堆石子之中,插入了分隔板,使之形成左边那堆石子(第i堆石子~第k堆石子)右边那堆石子 (第k+1堆石子~第j堆石子)

因而,我们可以写出递推方程

其中$sum$表示 前缀和


Determine the order of computation (Iterative Method)

为了 保证求解原问题时,该原问题所需的所有子问题已经求解完毕,则我们需要 确定合适的运算顺序

首先,我们考虑下合并过程刚开始的时候:i=1,j=n 即表示考虑 从第1堆石子第n堆石子的最少合并代价,

假设最终这个最优解在第k堆石子处分隔开

即可得到2个子问题从第1堆石子到第k堆石子的最少合并代价从第k+1堆石子到第n堆石子的最少合并代价

不妨继续考虑从第1堆石子到第k堆石子的最少合并代价,我们会发现这里仍然需要 递归 ,直到基本情况

基本情况就是只有1堆石子的情况

所以,通过分析递归过程得出的基本情况,我们反过来基本情况逐步建立迭代形式的运算顺序:即我们从只有1堆石子的最少合并代价开始计算,然后计算只有2堆石子的最少合并代价,…,计算只有n堆石子的最少合并代价

于是,我们确定了第一个运算顺序:考虑只有[1, n]堆石子的最少合并代价

接下来,我们需要枚举 只有len堆石子到底是 哪len堆石子 ,由于已经确定了石子的堆数(即区间长度 len,因为所有石子堆是线性排列的)

则我们只需要确定起始点即可,于是,我们确定了第二个运算顺序:只有指定堆的石子的起始点为[0,n - len]

而接下来,我们仅需要对指定长度的石子堆进行确定分割点k即可。

而且由于我们前面的运算顺序中,第一个运算顺序为计算石子堆的长度从1~n

因而,我们在第三个运算顺序确立分割点时,可以保证 更小区间长度的石子堆的最小合并代价已经计算好的


综上,我们确立好了运算顺序:

  1. 第一个运算顺序:区间长度(连续的len个石子堆)
  2. 第二个运算顺序:区间的起始点(从第i个石子堆开始的连续len个石子堆)
  3. 第三个运算顺序:分割点(在这个选定的 石子堆序列 中,选定 分割点,将这个 石子堆序列 分为 左右两个部分

Simply use memo (Recursive Method)

在已经得出了 递推方程的情况下,如果不希望 确定运算顺序,则可以直接使用 递归方法

递归方法可以非常自然地 描述 递推关系

在已知 最优子结构的情况下,动态规划 (Dynamic Programming)暴力法 (Brute-Force)最大的区别是:

动态规划利用了 重叠子问题 (Overlapping Subproblem)性质。

递归形式的动态规划 = 递归形式的暴力法 + 备忘录机制

如果一开始就打算使用递归形式,那么运算顺序就没有那么重要了,因为我们总可以在需要的时候临时计算,然后利用备忘录机制(这很重要,否则会导致重复地求解相同的子问题)来保存某个子问题的计算结果即可。

但相比于 迭代形式的动态规划产生整颗子问题空间树 (无论某些子问题是否真的被用到)递归形式的动态规划则只会 生成那些确实需要用到的子问题

但是,一般来说,迭代形式的动态规划却会更加快速。

编译器对于 迭代算法可以有更多的信息来进行 指令级优化

同时,迭代形式也可以避免过多的 过程调用的帧栈创建和销毁的代价,以及获得 更优的高速缓存命中率

但通过 递归形式产生的 子问题空间树“残缺的”,在只有 少量子问题重复出现的情况下,用 递归形式的动态规划会更加高效。

Solution

Iterative Method

Diagram
Expected  Input: [4, 1 2 3333 2]
Expected Output: [6676, 10010]
i\j 0 1 2 3
0 0 3 3339 6676
1 1061109567 0 3335 6672
2 1061109567 1061109567 0 3335
3 1061109567 1061109567 1061109567 0
i\j 0 1 2 3
0 0 3 6671 10010
1 0 0 3335 6672
2 0 0 0 3335
3 0 0 0 0
Source
     public static Judger.Pair<Integer, Integer> solve(int n, int[] sum) {

        int[][] dp = new int[n][n];
        int min, max;

        // Min cost
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                if (i == j) dp[i][j] = 0;
                else dp[i][j] = 0x3f3f3f3f;
            }
        }

        for (int len = 1; len < n; len++) {
            for (int i = 0; i < (n - len); i++) {
                int j = i + len;
                for (int k = i; k < j; k++) {
                    dp[i][j] = Math.min(dp[i][j], dp[i][k] + dp[k + 1][j] + (sum[j + 1] - sum[i]));
                }

            }
        }
        min = dp[0][n - 1];

        // Max Cost
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                if (i == j) dp[i][j] = 0;
                else dp[i][j] = 0;
            }
        }

        for (int len = 1; len < n; len++) {
            for (int i = 0; i < (n - len); i++) {
                int j = i + len;
                for (int k = i; k < j; k++) {
                    dp[i][j] = Math.max(dp[i][j], dp[i][k] + (dp[k + 1][j] + sum[j + 1] - sum[i]));
                }

            }
        }
        max = dp[0][n - 1];

        return new Judger.Pair<>(min, max);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        for (Scanner scanner : judger) {
            int n = scanner.nextInt();
            int[] a = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                a[i] = scanner.nextInt();
            }

            // Pre-solve: partial sum
            int[] sum = new int[n + 1];
            sum[0] = 0;
            for (int i = 1; i < sum.length; i++) {
                sum[i] = sum[i - 1] + a[i - 1];
            }

            Judger.Pair<Integer, Integer> answer = solve(n, sum);
            System.out.printf("%d\n%d", answer.getKey(), answer.getValue());
        }
    }
Benchmark
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE0.in & MERGE0.out
Expected  Input: [37, 53 49 2 9 9 30 2 35 1 46 39 46 42 33 13 41 35 57 38 59 15 40 18 6 46 30 53 31 34 57 41 20 1 42 59 46 45 ]
Expected Output: [6186, 25130]
Your     Output: [6186, 25130]
Time Cost: 4.828800 ms (4828800 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE1.in & MERGE1.out
Expected  Input: [4, 1 2 3333 2]
Expected Output: [6676, 10010]
Your     Output: [6676, 10010]
Time Cost: 0.929800 ms (929800 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE2.in & MERGE2.out
Expected  Input: [7, 30 35 15 5 10 20 25]
Expected Output: [370, 580]
Your     Output: [370, 580]
Time Cost: 1.354100 ms (1354100 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE3.in & MERGE3.out
Expected  Input: [7, 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
Expected Output: [116, 187]
Your     Output: [116, 187]
Time Cost: 1.063500 ms (1063500 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE4.in & MERGE4.out
Expected  Input: [30, 3 4 7 11 13 15 18 21 17 14 7 5 8 10 19 16 13 10 7 5 4 3 4 5 6 3 15 3 10 8 ]
Expected Output: [1342, 5318]
Your     Output: [1342, 5318]
Time Cost: 1.857000 ms (1857000 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE5.in & MERGE5.out
Expected  Input: [4, 1 3 15 2 ]
Expected Output: [42, 59]
Your     Output: [42, 59]
Time Cost: 0.901300 ms (901300 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE6.in & MERGE6.out
Expected  Input: [7, 1 7 6 12 3 15 2 ]
Expected Output: [129, 218]
Your     Output: [129, 218]
Time Cost: 1.066700 ms (1066700 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE7.in & MERGE7.out
Expected  Input: [5, 1 1 2 3333 2]
Expected Output: [6680, 13349]
Your     Output: [6680, 13349]
Time Cost: 0.969700 ms (969700 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE8.in & MERGE8.out
Expected  Input: [87, 14 27 48 9 8 14 9 29 25 14 8 30 37 37 4 4 3 6 39 40 19 30 22 37 25 17 41 41 7 5 4 3 10 33 12 28 13 18 42 16 16 33 34 45 16 24 15 38 37 28 36 21 27 30 44 33 6 24 20 6 3 27 33 4 46 42 34 46 14 35 36 25 33 8 12 47 18 7 49 16 3 5 43 28 35 5 33 ]
Expected Output: [12799, 96955]
Your     Output: [12799, 96955]
Time Cost: 6.057900 ms (6057900 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE9.in & MERGE9.out
Expected  Input: [20, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 ]
Expected Output: [864, 2850]
Your     Output: [864, 2850]
Time Cost: 1.526400 ms (1526400 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Result Statistics: √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Recursive Method

Diagram
Expected  Input: [4, 1 2 3333 2]
Expected Output: [6676, 10010]
graph TD;
style db2871da fill: gray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
style 984401db fill: lightgreen,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
style 108f3e6e fill: gray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
style d053e213 fill: lightgreen,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
style 3a08e73b fill: gray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
style 905d2093 fill: gray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
d053e213 --#1L, 3333--> 3a08e73b((2..2</br>0))
d053e213 --#1R, 2--> 905d2093((3..3</br>0))
984401db --#2L, 2--> 108f3e6e((1..1</br>0))
984401db --#2R, 3335--> d053e213((2..3</br>3335))
style 9a62f0a0 fill: lightgreen,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
style d33c7169 fill: gray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
style 64212337 fill: gray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
9a62f0a0 --#3L, 2--> d33c7169((1..1</br>0))
9a62f0a0 --#3R, 3333--> 64212337((2..2</br>0))
style c78fd6db fill: gray,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
984401db --#4L, 3335--> 9a62f0a0((1..2</br>3335))
984401db --#4R, 2--> c78fd6db((3..3</br>0))
root((root)) --#5L, 1--> db2871da((0..0</br>0))
root((root)) --#5R, 3337--> 984401db((1..3</br>6672))
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root((0..3</br>6676))
graph TD;
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root((0..3</br>10010))
style root fill: lightgreen,stroke: #333,stroke-width: 4px
Source
    static int n;
    static int[] sum;
    static int[][] dp;
    static int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;

    public static int m(int i, int j) {

        /* Base Case */
        if (dp[i][j] != INF) {
            return dp[i][j];
        }

        /* Recursive Case */
        for (int k = i; k < j; k++) {
            // it's also correct: dp[i][j] = Math.min(m(i, j), m(i, k) + m(k + 1, j) + (sum[j + 1] - sum[i]));
            dp[i][j] = Math.min(dp[i][j], m(i, k) + m(k + 1, j) + (sum[j + 1] - sum[i]));
        }
        return dp[i][j];
    }

    public static int M(int i, int j) {

        /* Base Case */
        if (dp[i][j] != -INF) {
            return dp[i][j];
        }

        /* Recursive Case */
        for (int k = i; k < j; k++) {
            dp[i][j] = Math.max(dp[i][j], M(i, k) + M(k + 1, j) + (sum[j + 1] - sum[i]));
        }
        return dp[i][j];
    }

    public static Judger.Pair<Integer, Integer> solve() {

        dp = new int[n][n];
        int min, max;

        /* Min */
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                dp[i][j] = INF;
            }
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            dp[i][i] = 0;
        }
        min = m(0, n - 1);

        /* Max */
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                dp[i][j] = -INF;
            }
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            dp[i][i] = 0;
        }
        max = M(0, n - 1);

        return new Judger.Pair<>(min, max);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        for (Scanner scanner : judger) {
            n = scanner.nextInt();
            int[] a = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                a[i] = scanner.nextInt();
            }

            // Pre-solve: partial sum
            sum = new int[n + 1];
            sum[0] = 0;
            for (int i = 1; i < sum.length; i++) {
                sum[i] = sum[i - 1] + a[i - 1];
            }

            Judger.Pair<Integer, Integer> answer = solve();
            System.out.printf("%d\n%d", answer.getKey(), answer.getValue());
        }
    }
Benchmark
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE0.in & MERGE0.out
Expected  Input: [37, 53 49 2 9 9 30 2 35 1 46 39 46 42 33 13 41 35 57 38 59 15 40 18 6 46 30 53 31 34 57 41 20 1 42 59 46 45 ]
Expected Output: [6186, 25130]
Your     Output: [6186, 25130]
Time Cost: 4.601200 ms (4601200 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE1.in & MERGE1.out
Expected  Input: [4, 1 2 3333 2]
Expected Output: [6676, 10010]
Your     Output: [6676, 10010]
Time Cost: 0.888000 ms (888000 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE2.in & MERGE2.out
Expected  Input: [7, 30 35 15 5 10 20 25]
Expected Output: [370, 580]
Your     Output: [370, 580]
Time Cost: 1.097400 ms (1097400 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE3.in & MERGE3.out
Expected  Input: [7, 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
Expected Output: [116, 187]
Your     Output: [116, 187]
Time Cost: 1.463500 ms (1463500 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE4.in & MERGE4.out
Expected  Input: [30, 3 4 7 11 13 15 18 21 17 14 7 5 8 10 19 16 13 10 7 5 4 3 4 5 6 3 15 3 10 8 ]
Expected Output: [1342, 5318]
Your     Output: [1342, 5318]
Time Cost: 1.491700 ms (1491700 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE5.in & MERGE5.out
Expected  Input: [4, 1 3 15 2 ]
Expected Output: [42, 59]
Your     Output: [42, 59]
Time Cost: 0.847000 ms (847000 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE6.in & MERGE6.out
Expected  Input: [7, 1 7 6 12 3 15 2 ]
Expected Output: [129, 218]
Your     Output: [129, 218]
Time Cost: 0.783500 ms (783500 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE7.in & MERGE7.out
Expected  Input: [5, 1 1 2 3333 2]
Expected Output: [6680, 13349]
Your     Output: [6680, 13349]
Time Cost: 0.795700 ms (795700 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE8.in & MERGE8.out
Expected  Input: [87, 14 27 48 9 8 14 9 29 25 14 8 30 37 37 4 4 3 6 39 40 19 30 22 37 25 17 41 41 7 5 4 3 10 33 12 28 13 18 42 16 16 33 34 45 16 24 15 38 37 28 36 21 27 30 44 33 6 24 20 6 3 27 33 4 46 42 34 46 14 35 36 25 33 8 12 47 18 7 49 16 3 5 43 28 35 5 33 ]
Expected Output: [12799, 96955]
Your     Output: [12799, 96955]
Time Cost: 3.839300 ms (3839300 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Current Case: MERGE9.in & MERGE9.out
Expected  Input: [20, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 ]
Expected Output: [864, 2850]
Your     Output: [864, 2850]
Time Cost: 1.105300 ms (1105300 ns)
Accepted.
-----------------------------------------------------
Result Statistics: √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √